Mental Health Neurodevelopmental Disorders Autism Causes & Risk Factors Autism in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children There's no link between vaccines and autism By Vincent Iannelli, MD Updated on November 01, 2023 Medically reviewed by Isaac O. Opole, MD, PhD Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents No Causal Link Unvaccinated Autistic Children Causes of Autism Despite there being no evidence showing a link between vaccines and autism, conspiracy theories about the connection persist. Vaccinated children are autistic at the same rates as unvaccinated children. Avoiding vaccines because of the persistent myth that they cause autism is dangerous. While it won't prevent a child from being autistic, it also means the child won't be protected from vaccine-preventable diseases that can threaten their health and that of others. This article will discuss the research supporting the fact that vaccines do not cause autism. It will also cover the rates of autism in unvaccinated and vaccinated children. Karl Tapales / Getty Images No Link Between Vaccines and Autism A study by Andrew Wakefield, which has been retracted, started the debate about a link between vaccines and autism. Mr. Wakefield's medical license has since been revoked due to dishonest and irresponsible conduct. The fact is that vaccines do not cause autism. This statement is supported by vast research and evidence. A 2022 review of 19 peer-reviewed studies conducted by various researchers on human subjects showed no link between vaccines and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The cause of autism has been studied extensively for decades. While studies point to a combination of genetics and environmental factors leading to ASD diagnoses, it is clear to scientists that vaccines do not cause autism. Researchers found no evidence linking the MMR vaccine to autism, even in the children who had an increased risk for the disorder. Newer research is pointing to a genetic basis for autism and suggests that autism might be present even before birth. Want to Talk About Vaccines With a Loved One? Practice Using Our Virtual Conversation Coach Unvaccinated Autistic Children Numerous studies have been done comparing autism rates between vaccinated and unvaccinated children. No difference has been found. One study from Japan looked at the MMR vaccine, which was withdrawn from the country due to concerns about aseptic meningitis. In that study, a statistically significant number of children were found to have developed autism even though they had not received the MMR vaccine. Another study published in the February 2014 issue of the journal Autism found "the rates of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis did not differ between immunized and non-immunized younger sib groups." One 2018 study reported in JAMA Pediatrics aimed to determine vaccination patterns of children with and without autism and their younger siblings. The researchers determined that autistic children and their younger siblings had higher rates of being un- or under-vaccinated. Research suggests that autistic children (and their siblings) may be at higher risk for vaccine-preventable diseases because of vaccine avoidance. While there is no proven benefit of avoiding vaccines in terms of autism prevention, this research highlights a proven danger of doing so. What Do We Know About the Causes of Autism? While scientists now understand that vaccines do not cause autism, it is difficult to pinpoint just one or two factors that lead to autism. However, it is now understood that genetic and environmental factors are likely critical components leading to the development of autism spectrum disorders. Researchers have found that autistic people have genetic changes or variations that, together with environmental factors, lead to autism. One gene in particular, the MET gene, is thought to have a role in autism. Some environmental factors that may contribute to the development of autism include: Older parentsLow birth weightPremature birthExposure to pollutants or certain heavy metals before birthMaternal metabolic disease More research continues to investigate genetic and environmental factors that lead to autism. Summary Studies have shown there is no significant difference in rates of autism among vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Because vaccines have been shown repeatedly not to lead to autism, choosing not to vaccinate puts children at risk of developing unnecessary illnesses or exposing others who might be ineligible for vaccines. 10 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Gabis LV, Attia OL, Goldman M, et al. The myth of vaccination and autism spectrum. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2022;36:151-158. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.011 Davidson M. Vaccination as a cause of autism-myths and controversies. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. Glenza, J. Disgraced anti-vaxxer Andrew Wakefield aims to advance his agenda in Texas election. The Guardian. Mohammed SA, Rajashekar S, Giri Ravindran S, et al. Does vaccination increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder? Cureus. 14(8):e27921. doi:10.7759/cureus.27921 Offit, P, Handy, L. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Vaccines and autism. Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(6):572-9. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x Abu kuwaik G, Roberts W, Zwaigenbaum L, et al. Immunization uptake in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2014;18(2):148-55. doi:10.1177/1362361312459111 Zerbo O, Modaressi S, Goddard K, et al. Vaccination patterns in children after autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and in their younger siblings. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(5):469-475. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0082 Ma X, Qiu S. Control of cortical synapse development and plasticity by MET receptor tyrosine kinase, a genetic risk factor for autism. J Neurosci Res. 2020;98(11):2115-2129. doi:10.1002/jnr.24542 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Autism. Additional Reading Abu Kuwaik G. Immunization Uptake in Younger Siblings of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism. 2014 Feb;18(2):148-55. DOI: 10.1177/1362361312459111. Anjali J, Marshall J, Buikema A, et al. Autism Occurrence by MMR Vaccine Status Among US Children With Older Siblings With and Without Autism. JAMA. 2015;313(15):1534-1540. DOI:10.1001/jama.2015.3077. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Vaccines and Autism Ford A, Rusch E, and Clayton EW. Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Godlee F, Smith J and Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011; 342. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c7452. Honda H. No Effect of MMR Withdrawal on the Incidence of Autism: a Total Population Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;46(6):572-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x. Zerbo O, Modaressi S, Goddard K, et al. Vaccination Patterns in Children After Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and in Their Younger Siblings. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 May 1;172(5):469-475. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0082. By Vincent Iannelli, MD Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Medical Expert Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit